Friday, 22 September 2017

Java Naming Conventions

Below are some naming conventions of for java programming language. They must be followed while developing software in java for good maintenance and readability of code. Java uses CamelCase as a practice for writing names of methods, variables, classes, packages, and constants.

Naming Conventions Table:

Camel case in Java Programming: It consists of compound words or phrases such that each word or abbreviation begins with a capital letter or first word with a lowercase letter, rest all with capital.

èClasses and Interfaces :

§ Class names should be nouns, in mixed case with the first letter of each internal word capitalized. Interfaces name should also be capitalized just like class names.

§ Use whole words and must avoid acronyms and abbreviations.

Examples:

Interface Bicycle

Class MountainBike implements Bicyle

Interface Sport

Class Football implements Sport

èMethods :

§ Methods should be verbs, in mixed case with the first letter lowercase and with the first letter of each internal word capitalized.

Examples:

void changeGear(int newValue);

void speedUp(int increment);

void applyBrakes(int decrement);

è Variables: Variable names should be short yet meaningful.

§ Should not start with an underscore(‘_’) or dollar sign ‘$’ characters.

§ Should be mnemonic i.e, designed to indicate to the casual observer the intent of its use.

§ One-character variable names should be avoided except for temporary variables.

§ Common names for temporary variables are I, j, k, m, and n for integers; c, d, and e for characters.

Examples:

// variables for MountainBike class

int speed = 0;

int gear = 1;

èConstant variables:

§ Should be all uppercase with words separated by underscores (“_”).

§ There are various constants used in predefined classes like Float, Long, String etc.

Examples:

static final int MIN_WIDTH = 4;

// Some Constant variables used in predefined Float class

public static final float POSITIVE_INFINITY = 1.0f / 0.0f;

public static final float NEGATIVE_INFINITY = -1.0f / 0.0f;

public static final float NaN = 0.0f / 0.0f;

è Packages:

§ The prefix of a unique package name is always written in all-lowercase ASCII letters and should be one of the top-level domain names, like com, edu, gov, mil, net, Org.

§ Subsequent components of the package name vary according to an organization’s own internal naming conventions.

Examples:

com.sun.eng

com.apple.quicktime.v2

// java.lang packet in JDK

java.lang

Thursday, 21 September 2017

Beginning Java programming with Hello World Example

The process of Java programming can be simplified in three steps:

èCreate the program by typing it into a text editor and saving it to a file – HelloWorld.java.

èCompile it by typing “javac HelloWorld.java” in the terminal window.

èExecute (or run) it by typing “java HelloWorld” in the terminal window.

The Below given program is the simplest program of Java printing “Hello World” to the screen. Let us try to understand every bit of code step by step.

/* This is a simple Java program.

 FileName
  : "HelloWorld.java". */

package Com.test;

public class HelloWorld {

public static void main(String[] args) {

// Your program begins with a call to main().

// Prints "Hello, World" to the terminal window

System.out.println("Hello World");

}

Output:

Hello World

The “Hello World!” program consists of three primary components: the HelloWorld class definition, the method main and source code comments. The following explanation will provide you with a basic understanding of the code:

èClass definition: This line uses the keyword class to declare that a new class is being defined.

1.     class HelloWorld

HelloWorld is an identifier that is the name of the class. The entire class definition, including all of its members, will be between the opening curly brace { and the closing curly brace }.

2. main method: In Java programming language, every application must contain a main method whose signature is:

3.     public static void main(String[] args)

4.

5.     public: So that JVM can execute the method from anywhere.

6.     static: Main method is to be called without object.

7.     The modifiers public and static can be written in either order.

8.     void: The main method doesn't return anything.

9.     main(): Name configured in the JVM.

10.            String[]: The main method accepts a single argument: an array of elements of type String.

Like in C/C++, the main method is the entry point for your application and will subsequently invoke all the other methods required by your program.

11. The next line of code is shown here. Notice that it occurs inside main( ).

12.            System.out.println("Hello World");

This line outputs the string “Hello World” followed by a new line on the screen. The output is actually accomplished by the built-in print( ) method. The system is a predefined class that provides access to the system, and out is the variable of type output stream that is connected to the console.

13. Comments: They can either be multi-line or single line comments.

14.            /* This is a simple Java program.

15.            Call this file "HelloWorld.java". */

This is a multiline comment. This type of comment must begin with /* and end with */. For single line you may directly use // as in C/C++.

Important Points :

èThe name of the class defined by the program is HelloWorld, which is same as name of file(HelloWorld.java). This is not a coincidence. In Java, all codes must reside inside a class and there is at most one public class which contains main() method.

èBy convention, the name of the main class( a class which contains main method) should match the name of the file that holds the program.

Compiling the program :

èAfter successfully setting up the environment, we can open the terminal in both Windows/Unix and can go to the directory where the file – HelloWorld.java is present.

èNow, to compile the HelloWorld program, execute the compiler – javac , specifying the name of the source file on the command line, as shown:

èjavac HelloWorld.java

èThe compiler creates a file called HelloWorld.class (in present working directory) that contains the bytecode version of the program. Now, to execute our program, JVM(Java Virtual Machine) needs to be called using java, specifying the name of the class file on the command line, as shown: