12 JDBC Interview Questions & Answers for Java Developers - Java Database Connectivity
1. What are available drivers in JDBC?
JDBC technology drivers fit into one of four categories:
- A JDBC-ODBC bridge provides JDBC API access via one or more ODBC drivers. Note that some ODBC native code and in many cases native database client code must be loaded on each client machine that uses this type of driver. Hence, this kind of driver is generally most appropriate when automatic installation and downloading of a Java technology application is not important. For information on the JDBC-ODBC bridge driver provided by Sun, see JDBC-ODBC Bridge Driver.
- A native-API partly Java technology-enabled driver converts JDBC calls into calls on the client API for Oracle, Sybase, Informix, DB2, or other DBMS. Note that, like the bridge driver, this style of driver requires that some binary code be loaded on each client machine.
- A net-protocol fully Java technology-enabled driver translates JDBC API calls into a DBMS-independent net protocol which is then translated to a DBMS protocol by a server. This net server middleware is able to connect all of its Java technology-based clients to many different databases. The specific protocol used depends on the vendor. In general, this is the most flexible JDBC API alternative. It is likely that all vendors of this solution will provide products suitable for Intranet use. In order for these products to also support Internet access they must handle the additional requirements for security, access through firewalls, etc., that the Web imposes. Several vendors are adding JDBC technology-based drivers to their existing database middleware products.
- A native-protocol fully Java technology-enabled driver converts JDBC technology calls into the network protocol used by DBMSs directly. This allows a direct call from the client machine to the DBMS server and is a practical solution for Intranet access. Since many of these protocols are proprietary the database vendors themselves will be the primary source for this style of driver. Several database vendors have these in progress.
2. What are the types of statements in JDBC?
the JDBC API has 3 Interfaces, (1. Statement, 2. PreparedStatement, 3. CallableStatement ). The key features of these are as follows: Statement
o This interface is used for executing a static SQL statement and returning the results it produces.
o The object of Statement class can be created using Connection.createStatement() method.
PreparedStatement
o A SQL statement is pre-compiled and stored in a PreparedStatement object.
o This object can then be used to efficiently execute this statement multiple times.
o The object of PreparedStatement class can be created using Connection.prepareStatement() method. This extends Statement interface.
CallableStatement
o This interface is used to execute SQL stored procedures.
o This extends PreparedStatement interface.
o The object of CallableStatement class can be created using Connection.prepareCall() method.
What is a stored procedure? How to call stored procedure using JDBC API?
Stored procedure is a group of SQL statements that forms a logical unit and performs a particular task. Stored Procedures are used to encapsulate a set of operations or queries to execute on database. Stored procedures can be compiled and executed with different parameters and results and may have any combination of input/output parameters. Stored procedures can be called using CallableStatement class in JDBC API. Below code snippet shows how this can be achieved.
0. CallableStatement cs = con.prepareCall("{call MY_STORED_PROC_NAME}");
1. ResultSet rs = cs.executeQuery();
What is Connection pooling? What are the advantages of using a connection pool?
Connection Pooling is a technique used for sharing the server resources among requested clients. It was pioneered by database vendors to allow multiple clients to share a cached set of connection objects that provides access to a database.
Getting connection and disconnecting are costly operation, which affects the application performance, so we should avoid creating multiple connection during multiple database interactions. A pool contains set of Database connections which are already connected, and any client who wants to use it can take it from pool and when done with using it can be returned back to the pool.
Apart from performance this also saves you resources as there may be limited database connections available for your application.
How to do database connection using JDBC thin driver ?
This is one of the most commonly asked questions from JDBC fundamentals, and knowing all the steps of JDBC connection is important.
0. import java.sql.*;
1. class JDBCTest {
2. public static void main (String args []) throws Exception
3. {
4. //Load driver class
5. Class.forName ("oracle.jdbc.driver.OracleDriver");
6. //Create connection
7. Connection conn = DriverManager.getConnection
8. ("jdbc:oracle:thin:@hostname:1526:testdb", "scott", "tiger");
9. // @machineName:port:SID, userid, password
10.
11. Statement stmt = conn.createStatement();
12. ResultSet rs = stmt.executeQuery("select 'Hi' from dual");
13. while (rs.next())
14. System.out.println (rs.getString(1)); // Print col 1 => Hi
15. stmt.close();
16. }
17.}
What does Class.forName() method do?
Method forName() is a static method of java.lang.Class. This can be used to dynamically load a class at run-time. Class.forName() loads the class if its not already loaded. It also executes the static block of loaded class. Then this method returns an instance of the loaded class. So a call to Class.forName('MyClass') is going to do following
- Load the class MyClass.
- Execute any static block code of MyClass.
- Return an instance of MyClass.
JDBC Driver loading using Class.forName is a good example of best use of this method. The driver loading is done like this
0. Class.forName("org.mysql.Driver");
All JDBC Drivers have a static block that registers itself with DriverManager and DriverManager has static initializer method registerDriver() which can be called in a static blocks of Driver class. A MySQL JDBC Driver has a static initializer which looks like this:
1. static {
2. try {
3. java.sql.DriverManager.registerDriver(new Driver());
4. } catch (SQLException E) {
5. throw new RuntimeException("Can't register driver!");
6. }
7. }
Class.forName() loads driver class and executes the static block and the Driver registers itself with the DriverManager.
Which one will you use Statement or PreparedStatement? Or Which one to use when (Statement/PreparedStatement)? Compare PreparedStatement vs Statement.
By Java API definitions: Statement is a object used for executing a static SQL statement and returning the results it produces. PreparedStatement is a SQL statement which is precompiled and stored in a PreparedStatement object. This object can then be used to efficiently execute this statement multiple times. There are few advantages of using PreparedStatements over Statements
0. Since its pre-compiled, Executing the same query multiple times in loop, binding different parameter values each time is faster. (What does pre-compiled statement means? The prepared statement(pre-compiled) concept is not specific to Java, it is a database concept. Statement precompiling means: when you execute a SQL query, database server will prepare a execution plan before executing the actual query, this execution plan will be cached at database server for further execution.)
1. In PreparedStatement the setDate()/setString() methods can be used to escape dates and strings properly, in a database-independent way.
2. SQL injection attacks on a system are virtually impossible when using PreparedStatements.
What does setAutoCommit(false) do?
A JDBC connection is created in auto-commit mode by default. This means that each individual SQL statement is treated as a transaction and will be automatically committed as soon as it is executed. If you require two or more statements to be grouped into a transaction then you need to disable auto-commit mode using below command
0. con.setAutoCommit(false);
Once auto-commit mode is disabled, no SQL statements will be committed until you explicitly call the commit method. A Simple transaction with use of autocommit flag is demonstrated below.
1. con.setAutoCommit(false);
2. PreparedStatement updateStmt =
3. con.prepareStatement( "UPDATE EMPLOYEE SET SALARY = ? WHERE EMP_NAME LIKE ?");
4. updateStmt.setInt(1, 5000); updateSales.setString(2, "Jack");
5. updateStmt.executeUpdate();
6. updateStmt.setInt(1, 6000); updateSales.setString(2, "Tom");
7. updateStmt.executeUpdate();
8. con.commit();
9. con.setAutoCommit(true);
What are database warnings and How can I handle database warnings in JDBC?
Warnings are issued by database to notify user of a problem which may not be very severe. Database warnings do not stop the execution of SQL statements. In JDBC SQLWarning is an exception that provides information on database access warnings. Warnings are silently chained to the object whose method caused it to be reported. Warnings may be retrieved from Connection, Statement, and ResultSet objects. Handling SQLWarning from connection object
0. //Retrieving warning from connection object
1. SQLWarning warning = conn.getWarnings();
2.
3. //Retrieving next warning from warning object itself
4. SQLWarning nextWarning = warning.getNextWarning();
5.
6. //Clear all warnings reported for this Connection object.
7. conn.clearWarnings();
Handling SQLWarning from Statement object
8. //Retrieving warning from statement object
9. stmt.getWarnings();
10.
11. //Retrieving next warning from warning object itself
12. SQLWarning nextWarning = warning.getNextWarning();
13.
14. //Clear all warnings reported for this Statement object.
15. stmt.clearWarnings();
Handling SQLWarning from ResultSet object
16.//Retrieving warning from resultset object
17. rs.getWarnings();
18.
19. //Retrieving next warning from warning object itself
20. SQLWarning nextWarning = warning.getNextWarning();
21.
22. //Clear all warnings reported for this resultset object.
23. rs.clearWarnings();
The call to getWarnings() method in any of above way retrieves the first warning reported by calls on this object. If there is more than one warning, subsequent warnings will be chained to the first one and can be retrieved by calling the method SQLWarning.getNextWarning on the warning that was retrieved previously. A call toclearWarnings() method clears all warnings reported for this object. After a call to this method, the method getWarnings returns null until a new warning is reported for this object. Trying to call getWarning() on a connection after it has been closed will cause an SQLException to be thrown. Similarly, trying to retrieve a warning on a statement after it has been closed or on a result set after it has been closed will cause an SQLException to be thrown. Note that closing a statement also closes a result set that it might have produced.
What is Metadata and why should I use it?
JDBC API has 2 Metadata interfaces DatabaseMetaData & ResultSetMetaData. The DatabaseMetaData provides Comprehensive information about the database as a whole. This interface is implemented by driver vendors to let users know the capabilities of a Database Management System (DBMS) in combination with the driver based on JDBC technology ("JDBC driver") that is used with it. Below is a sample code which demonstrates how we can use the DatabaseMetaData
0. DatabaseMetaData md = conn.getMetaData();
1. System.out.println("Database Name: " + md.getDatabaseProductName());
2. System.out.println("Database Version: " + md.getDatabaseProductVersion());
3. System.out.println("Driver Name: " + md.getDriverName());
4. System.out.println("Driver Version: " + md.getDriverVersion());
The ResultSetMetaData is an object that can be used to get information about the types and properties of the columns in a ResultSet object. Use DatabaseMetaData to find information about your database, such as its capabilities and structure. Use ResultSetMetaData to find information about the results of an SQL query, such as size and types of columns. Below a sample code which demonstrates how we can use the ResultSetMetaData
5. ResultSet rs = stmt.executeQuery("SELECT a, b, c FROM TABLE2");
6. ResultSetMetaData rsmd = rs.getMetaData();
7. int numberOfColumns = rsmd.getColumnCount();
8. boolean b = rsmd.isSearchable(1);
What is RowSet? or What is the difference between RowSet and ResultSet? or Why do we need RowSet? or What are the advantages of using RowSet over ResultSet?
RowSet is a interface that adds support to the JDBC API for the JavaBeans component model. A rowset, which can be used as a JavaBeans component in a visual Bean development environment, can be created and configured at design time and executed at run time. The RowSet interface provides a set of JavaBeans properties that allow a RowSet instance to be configured to connect to a JDBC data source and read some data from the data source. A group of setter methods (setInt, setBytes, setString, and so on) provide a way to pass input parameters to a rowset's command property. This command is the SQL query the rowset uses when it gets its data from a relational database, which is generally the case. Rowsets are easy to use since the RowSet interface extends the standard java.sql.ResultSet interface so it has all the methods of ResultSet. There are two clear advantages of using RowSet over ResultSet
o RowSet makes it possible to use the ResultSet object as a JavaBeans component. As a consequence, a result set can, for example, be a component in a Swing application.
o RowSet be used to make a ResultSet object scrollable and updatable. All RowSet objects are by default scrollable and updatable. If the driver and database being used do not support scrolling and/or updating of result sets, an application can populate a RowSet object implementation (e.g. JdbcRowSet) with the data of a ResultSet object and then operate on the RowSet object as if it were the ResultSet object.
What is a connected RowSet? or What is the difference between connected RowSet and disconnected RowSet? or Connected vs Disconnected RowSet, which one should I use and when?
Connected RowSet
A RowSet object may make a connection with a data source and maintain that connection throughout its life cycle, in which case it is called a connected rowset. A rowset may also make a connection with a data source, get data from it, and then close the connection. Such a rowset is called a disconnected rowset. A disconnected rowset may make changes to its data while it is disconnected and then send the changes back to the original source of the data, but it must reestablish a connection to do so. Example of Connected RowSet: A JdbcRowSet object is a example of connected RowSet, which means it continually maintains its connection to a database using a JDBC technology-enabled driver.
Disconnected RowSet
A disconnected rowset may have a reader (a RowSetReader object) and a writer (a RowSetWriter object) associated with it. The reader may be implemented in many different ways to populate a rowset with data, including getting data from a non-relational data source. The writer can also be implemented in many different ways to propagate changes made to the rowset's data back to the underlying data source. Example of Disconnected RowSet: A CachedRowSet object is a example of disconnected rowset, which means that it makes use of a connection to its data source only briefly. It connects to its data source while it is reading data to populate itself with rows and again while it is propagating changes back to its underlying data source. The rest of the time, a CachedRowSet object is disconnected, including while its data is being modified. Being disconnected makes a RowSet object much leaner and therefore much easier to pass to another component. For example, a disconnected RowSet object can be serialized and passed over the wire to a thin client such as a personal digital assistant (PDA).
What is the benefit of having JdbcRowSet implementation? Why do we need a JdbcRowSet like wrapper around ResultSet?
The JdbcRowSet implementation is a wrapper around a ResultSet object that has following advantages over ResultSet
o This implementation makes it possible to use the ResultSet object as a JavaBeans component. A JdbcRowSet can be used as a JavaBeans component in a visual Bean development environment, can be created and configured at design time and executed at run time.
o It can be used to make a ResultSet object scrollable and updatable. All RowSet objects are by default scrollable and updatable. If the driver and database being used do not support scrolling and/or updating of result sets, an application can populate a JdbcRowSet object with the data of a ResultSet object and then operate on the JdbcRowSet object as if it were the ResultSet object.
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